Long-Term Nutrient Supply Options: Strategies to Improve Soil Phosphorus Availability in the Rice-Wheat System

The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers can deteriorate soil, grain, and environmental quality; still, these be restored if integrated nutrient management options with inclusion legumes in the cropping system are adopted. A long-term (19 year) rice-wheat experiment was examined to find out best practices (BNMP) through recommended dose (RDF), plant nutrition (IPNS), soil test crop response (STCR), farmyard manure (FYM), along pulses (berseem cowpea). Seven were applied combination organic fertilizer system. Results showed that a significant variation seen phosphorus (P) fractions among treatments depths. results significantly (p < 0.05) higher contribution availability by Residual-P followed NaHCO3-Po > NaOH-Pi NaOH-Po HCl-P NaHCO3-Pi available P lowest WSP under different after completing 19 cycles. Variations P-fractions depth compared treatment combination, considerable increase all major noticed. continuous application various IPNS as farming (OF), RDF, STCR, cowpea) improved offered an added benefit terms sustainability production health solo fertilizers. Overall, its superiority over rest treatment. This study suggests would P-availability